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Tapping into Tapping Terms

7/1/2020

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Getting a good understanding of the definitions of the parts of a tap will help you to better understand the functions of  tap designs.  Special thanks to North American Tool for letting us share their short and simple explanations!
North American Tool Tap Nomenclature definitions
ALLOWANCE
Minimum clearance between two mating parts; the prescribed variations from the basic size.

ANGLE OF THREAD
The angle included between the sides of the thread measured in an axial plane.

AXIS
The imaginary straight line that forms the longitudinal centerline of the tool or threaded part.

BACK TAPER
A gradual decrease in the diameter of the thread form on a tap from the chamfered end of the land towards the back which creates a slight radial relief in the threads.

BASE OF THREAD
The bottom section of the thread; the greatest section between the two adjacent roots.

BASIC SIZE
The theoretical or nominal standard size from which all variations are derived by application of allowances and tolerances.

CHAMFER
The tapering of the threads at the front end of each land of a tap by cutting away and relieving the crest of the first few teeth to distribute the cutting action over several teeth; Taper taps are chamfered 7-10 threads; plug tapsare chamfered 3-5 threads; semi-bottoming (or modified bottoming) taps are chamfered 2-2.5 threads; bottom-ing taps are chamfered 1-2 threads; taper pipe taps are chamfered 2-3.5 threads.
North American Tool Concentric Eccentric Con-Eccentric relief.
CHAMFER RELIEF
The gradual decrease in land height from cutting edge to heel on the chamfered portion, to provide clearance for the cutting action as the tap advances.

CREST
The top surface joining the two sides or flanks of the thread; the crest of an external thread is at its major diameter, while the crest of an internal thread is at its minor diameter.

CUTTING FACE
The leading side of the land in the direction of cutting rotation on which the chip forms.

FLUTE
The longitudinal channels formed in a tap to create cutting edges on the thread profile, and to provide chip spaces and cutting fluid passages.

HEEL
The edge of the land opposite the cutting edge.

HEIGHT OF THREAD
The distance, measured radially, between the crest and the base of a thread.

HELIX ANGLE
The angle made by the advance of the thread as it wraps around an imaginary cylinder.

HOOK
The undercut on the face of the teeth.
North American Tool Tap Hook
HOOK ANGLE
The inclination of a concave cutting face, usually specified either as Chordal Hook or Tangential Hook.
  • Chordal Hook Angle: The angle between the chordpassing through the root and crest of a thread form at the cutting face, and a radial line through the crest at the cutting edge.
  • Tangential Hook Angle: The angle between a line tangent to a hook cutting face at the cutting edge and a radial line to the same point.

INTERRUPTED THREAD TAP
A tap having an odd number of lands with alternate teeth along the thread helix removed. In some cases alternate teeth are removed only for a portion of the thread length.

LAND
The part of the tap body which remains after the flutes are cut, and on which the threads are finally ground. The threaded section between the flutes of a tap.

LEAD
The axial distance a tap will advance along its axis in one revolution. On a single start, the lead and the pitch are identical; on a double start, the lead is twice the pitch.

MAJOR DIAMETER
Commonly known as the “outside diameter.” It is the largest diameter of the thread.

MINOR DIAMETER
Commonly known as the “root diameter.” It is the small-est diameter of the thread.

PERCENT OF THREAD
One-half the difference between the basic major diameter and the actual minor diameter of an internal thread, divided by the basic thread height, expressed as a percentage.
North American Tool Basic Pitch Diameter angle of thread flank
PITCH
The distance from any point on a screw thread to a cor-responding point on the next thread, measured parallel to the axis and on the same side of the axis. The pitch equals one divided by the number of threads per inch.

PITCH DIAMETER
On a straight thread, the pitch diameter is the diameter of the imaginary co-axial cylinder...the surface of which would pass through the thread profiles at such points as to make the width of the groove equal to one-half of the basic pitch. On a perfect thread this occurs at the point where the widths of the thread and groove are equal. On a taper thread, the pitch diameter at a given position on the thread axis is the diameter of the pitch cone at that position.
North American Tool Allen Benjamin Positive Negative Neutral Rake Tap
RAKE
The angular relationship of the straight cutting face of a tooth with respect to a radial line through the crest of the tooth at the cutting edge.
  • Negative rake means that the crest of the cutting face is angularly behind the balance of the cutting face of the tooth.
  • Neutral or Zero rake means that the cutting face is directly on a radial line.
  • Positive rake means that the crest of the cutting face is angularly ahead of the balance of the cutting face of the tooth.

RELIEF (or Thread Relief)
The removal of metal from behind the cutting edge to provide clearance and reduce friction between the part being threaded and the threaded land.

ROOT
The bottom surface joining the sides of two adjacent threads, and is identical with or immediately adjacent to the cylinder or cone from which the thread projects.

SPIRAL FLUTE
A flute with uniform axial lead in a spiral path around the axis of a tap.

SPIRAL POINT
The angular fluting in the cutting face of the land at the chamfered end; formed at an angle with respect to the tap axis of opposite hand to that of rotation. Its length is usually greater than the chamfer length and its angle with respect to the tap axis is usually made great enough to direct the chips ahead of the taps cutting action.

STRAIGHT FLUTE
A flute that forms a cutting edge lying in an axial plane.

TOLERANCE
In producing a tap to given specifications, tolerance is:
(a.) the total permissible variation of a size;
(b.) the difference between the limits of size.
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Understanding Tap "Relief"

1/19/2020

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Have you ever had a tapping job that was so troublesome that it caused heartburn or acid indigestion due to broken taps, bad finish, short tap life, over or undersized threads, etc.?

One way of avoiding or alleviating such a condition is accomplished with the use of a tap feature called “relief”. The definition of “relief” according to Marian Webster, is removal or lightening of something oppressive, painful, or distressing. For a tap, “relief” is the reducing of surface contact between the tap/tap feature and the part being tapped. Surface contact generates unwanted heat causing the issues mentioned above. Depending on the tap feature, relief is applied in a direction that is, radially, around the tap, or axially, along the axis of the tap.

All taps require a minimum number of features to have relief for it to cut, other reliefs are applied when the tapping application requires it. There are always tradeoffs when designing a tap, if a relief is applied or it’s amount is greater than necessary, it can cause the tap to run free or loose to a point it will cause heartburn or acid indigestion by producing issues mentioned above.
Relieved features that are always necessary on a tap are:
               
Chamfer, the tapered threads at the front of the tap. The crests or major diameter of the chamfered threads are radially relieved from the cutting edge to the heel of the land. Without this relief it would be like cutting a tomato with the non-sharp side of a knife, you can imagine the results of that. When looking at a taps chamfer, relief results in the crest width being wider at the cutting edge and narrowing towards the heel;
Tap Chamfer
Cut Tap Cutting-Edge Heel
Back Taper, a slight gradual reduction of the taps thread form including it’s major, pitch and minor diameters. It starts at the chamfered end of the tap and continues axially for the length of thread towards the shank end.

A typical diameter reduction amount for a standard tap is 0.005/0.0010 per inch. This amount may be increased for specially designed taps used for tapping materials that close in excessively on the tap.

The chamfer threads, as well as the first full thread of the tap, do the cutting and the balance of the non-chamfered, non-relieved threads, go for the ride helping guide the tap. Back taper prevents surface contact of the non-chamfered threads with the part material.
Major-Pitch Minor Diameter Tap
Additional features that can be relieved

Thread Relief, a radial reduction of the taps major and pitch diameters from the cutting edge to the heel. Relieving of the pitch diameter results in the minor diameter being relieved as well due to the manufacturing process whereas the major diameter is relieved separately. The application of the major or pitch diameter relief is normally applied separately but both can be done in combination. Relief of pitch diameter is the most common followed by the major diameter. Thread relief is applied when Back Taper alone is not enough to prevent surface contact when tapping materials that close in and squeezes the tap like stainless steel. The rate of reduction from the cutting edge to the heel is based on the material being tapped and, in some cases, the tapping application.

There are two common types of Thread Reliefs:
  • Eccentric, a radial relief in the thread form starting at the cutting edge and continuing to the heel.
  • Con-Eccentric, Radial relief in the thread form starting back of a concentric margin.
Thread-Relief-Eccentric diagram
Tap Thread Con-eccentric-Relief
The reliefs we have discussed so far are applied during the tap manufacturing and other than the chamfer relief cannot be added or changed. If you are in a bind and must ship parts but can’t wait for us to design, manufacture and ship the appropriate tap, there are additional types of relief that can be applied that may work in a pinch. Sometimes referred to as a poor man’s relief, something you may be capable of doing in your shop without too much trouble to get you through a quick job, or until properly designed tools arrive.
Tap Diagram Flatted-Grooved-Heel land
The application of relief types and amounts are dependent on many factors such as material properties being tapped, style and size of tap, how the tap is being used (hand, machine, etc.) and application requirements, etc. By providing us with as much information about your tapping application, it will enable our engineers to design a tap with the proper relief. This will help alleviate troublesome heartburn or acid indigestion.
Click Here To Read More
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What Is A Controlled Root Tap?

12/9/2019

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First things first, what is the root of a tap?

The root of a tap is the surface at the bottom of the thread-form that connects adjacent thread flanks and is expressed as a width or as a diameter. The term root diameter is also called minor diameter, it’s one of those things, you say rain and I say precipitation, meaning the same thing...


Continue Learning
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Tap Drill Hole Size: Why it Matters

8/28/2019

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Recently we had an application question at North American Tool.   A customer had opened up the drilled hole to 55 percent of thread in hopes of reducing wear and increasing tool life.  Instead, it lead to the cut tap breaking at the first full thread of engagement.  That prompted a engineering discussion and is the basis of this technical article to address this very common misperception.

If a tap doesn’t create the hole, why is the hole size so important?

Any experienced machinist will tell you, threading holes is the last thing you master in this craft.  Why is that so? 
  1. Drilling and milling are usually easier.   
  2. Threading the hole is usually the last operation on a part.  

There are a number of things that can impact creating good quality threads but one of the first things to consider is the drill hole size.

As a rule-of-thumb for 60 degree threads a percentage of thread of 75% is considered the norm.  That is a good guideline, as it falls within both 3B and 2B minor diameter limits. 

However, when we look up a size on a tap/drill chart or access the recommended drill for a given tap in North American Tool’s Thread Tap App, the drill size required for 75% thread depth doesn’t exist. 
chamfer length plug bottom taper tap
The red line depicts the chamfer angle on a (A) Taper Tap, with a 7-10 thread chamfer, B Plug Tap, with a 3-5 thread chamfer and a (C) Bottoming Tap with a 1-2 thread chamfer.
This leaves the good machinist to select a drill that is more or less than 75%.  If 75% is good, then a higher number is better, right?  WRONG (in many cases).  On page 115 of the current North American Tool catalog a range for percentage of threads from 50% to 85%, with the recommended range between 65% and 75%.  This guideline range to use is a reflection of several factors:
  1. The higher the percentage of thread, the greater the stress factors on the tap and the greater the likelihood of failure.  Excessive torque can lead to catastrophic failure, with broken pieces of tap or galling in the thread form.
  2. A lower percentage of thread still provides the same pitch diameter, which is the only point the flanks of a fastener contact with the threads that have been tapped. They still provide the same pull out torque.
  3. Too low of a percentage of thread can lead to cross threading when engaged with the fastener.

In higher tensile steels, larger hole sizes (less percentage of thread) may work better to reduce torque in tapping. When using oversize hole diameters, the tap should also have an oversize chamfer point diameter so all threads in chamfer are cutting and not just dropping in a hole.

Such was the case with the application porblem. As was stated above the operator thought that by increasing the drill diameter size would lead to better tool life. Instead, because the diameter was of the hole was so large the cut tap did not engage the threads along the chamfer length and instead engaged at the first full thread at the end of the chamfer.  The caused premature wear and stress on the that thread in the flutes and eventually to catastrophic failure.  The solution was a modified tap from North American Tool.

Summary: You've got to use the correct tap for the application!

At the end of the day, taps are made to very strict tolerances, often much more so than the piece parts they are called on to machine, and the first place one might want to find blame is with the tap. 

Why?
Because;
  1. the tap is easily replaced with another one and 
  2. it is the least expensive component of possible issues with an application.

What if one manufacturer makes a tap that works and another one made by a different company doesn’t work at all? 

In all likelihood, the “general purpose” of one is closer to the correct geometry for the application.  One might get a completely different result if another material were being machined. Therefore it is always best to order a tap for the specific application.
North American Tool
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Once Upon a Time There Was a Magical Form Tap

11/15/2017

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Once Upon a Time There Was a Magical Form Tap

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If you follow any industry long enough, history will become a useful tool to apply to your understanding of modern developments and designs. One such piece of history, as related by someone who was there in the 1950’s, will create an illustration of the importance of learning from errors, and creating opportunities.

Once upon a Time, not so far away, a tap manufacturer with a long history in the industry made an error processing a manufacturing order. We all do from time to time. Where it went from there is the story.

A cutting tap left the manufacturer missing a feature. The customer complained that they had received a tap without any flutes. Being desperate, they used it anyway, and reported that it “kind of” worked. The manufacturer quickly got the customer the finished tap as originally intended, but decided to research the performance of the “unfinished” tap.

They saw the obvious benefits of a “chip-less“ tap, but identified multiple downsides. As the material is not being cut, but pushed out of the way, friction would likely be an issue. On top of that, threading a blind hole would create hydraulic pressure in the hole (with 100% thread engagement, there would be no escape route for air or liquid beneath the tap).
Tru-Flow Thread Forming TapTru-Flow Thread Forming Tap
Both issues would be addressed with “lube-grooves” and a geometry utilizing “lobes” (high points on the circumference of the tap) to reduce the surface contact between the tap and the material being threaded.

These features would facilitate lubrication, by allowing some clearance between the surface of the tap and the material being threaded. They would also allow an escape route for any building pressure at the bottom of the hole.

They realized that the material being formed “flows” in multiple directions, both into and away from the thread-form of the tap. One very important detail was quickly recognized. The material being formed must be malleable. No flow, no go!   

Ferrous and glass-filled materials are not a candidate for forming. A different hole size would be recommended to reduce the percentage of thread produced to a more acceptable level, and allow the same clearance for the minor diameter of the mating part allowed by a “cutting” tap.
Further tweaking followed. Method and form of “chamfer” was changed, to more efficiently begin the threading process. Lobe geometry tweaked for better performance in different materials.

Additional lube grooves were employed in applications that benefited. Recommended speeds were increased. Coatings were added to reduce friction and improve wear resistance. Coolant-holes became an option for those with the machine capability. Base materials were developed and improved. Like anything else, improvements continue as application demands evolve.

According to the trusted source, this is the way it happened. The real point of the story remains the same whether or not it is completely true. The “error” and solutions that followed illustrate most of the differences between the two styles of producing thread, and the taps that do the job.
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Introducing The New Sowa High Performance Tap & Drill Catalog

10/18/2017

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Introducing the new TiAlN Tip Jobber Drills along with Sowa's popular HSCO TiAlN Coated Parabolic Drills and Premium HSS Jobber & Stub Drills.

For quick and easy selection all of the drill charts have been clearly marked showing the popular tap drill sizes.

The new catalog Includes:
  • HSSE-V3% Vanadium Blue Ring Taps (up to 25 HRC)
  • HSSE-V3% Vanadium Yellow Ring Taps (up to 35 HRC)
  • HSSE-V3% Vanadium Orange Ring Taps (for Stainless Steel)
  • P-HSS Powdered Metal Red Ring Taps (up to 48 HRC)
  • HSSE-V3% Vanadium Green Ring Taps (Aluminum)
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Download your new copy today at the button below
Download Now
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Pulley Tap or Extension Tap - It's a Reach!

5/1/2017

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Here’s another example of legacy term confusion. Sometimes it is necessary to use a tap with extended length. The added length may be used to add “reach” to the tool, or to allow tapping to a depth longer than the thread length of the standard blank. Maybe it’s necessary to accomplish both! The confusion lies in what to call that style of tap.

North American pully extension taps
​​“Pulley” taps
“Pulley” taps were originally designed to tap threads in a pulley assembly. Length was extended, but shank diameter was approximately the same as the thread major diameter.

The shank was used as an alignment guide to reach through the pulley hub. Thread depth could not exceed the thread length of the tap. Today, the term is rarely recognized by recent generations.

“Extension” taps
“Extension” taps provide additional length for reach just as pulley taps do. However, the shank diameter is reduced to allow tapping beyond the ground thread length of the tap. The shank diameter “clears” the drilled hole.

All this seems pretty straightforward, but somewhere the industry decided to add a twist. In thread diameters 3/8” and smaller,

Pulley and Extension taps use the same Industry-Standard blank. If additional reach is needed, with the desire to tap beyond the thread length of the blank, the terminology changes to Extension/Small Shank.

Above 3/8” in diameter, the standard Extension blank has a smaller shank diameter, and is defined only as “Extension”. When in doubt, specify “small-shank” when tap use is intended to exceed standard thread length.
 
As with any tool, these extended-reach taps can be made to custom lengths. Most manufacturers have standardized on 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches in blank length (varies by diameter) for stock tools. Maintaining Industry-Standard shank and square dimensions allows the use of standard tool holders.
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HSSE Color Coded Tap Guide

3/15/2017

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Allen Benjamin color codes HSSE taps to simplify the selection of the right tap for specific materials. Each of the six color-ring taps are manufactured with application-specific design criteria based on characteristics and hardness range of various part materials.

The table below illustrates which color ring tap is best suited to the material being threaded.
Allen Benjamin color codes HSSE Tap Guide
*NOTE: For material or material group not shown (such as No Lead Brass), please consult Customer Service here.
** BHN hardness range may vary depending on steel/workpiece condition.

SURFACE TREATMENT ABBREVIATIONS

In many applications, a tap that is properly designed and used under recommended conditions will produce acceptable results without the use of surface treatments.

However under some conditions, such as tapping excessively hard, abrasive or challenging materials, the use of performance enhancing surface treatments will be beneficial to the overall results of your tapping operation in terms of improved tool life and internal thread quality.

Coolant-through taps may also be a consideration.

NOTE: Surface treatments are considered 'special design' and will be quoted as special taps. Contact Allen Benjamin for tapping and surface treatment recommendations and pricing.
AlCrN: Aluminum Chromium Nitride
CrC: Chromium Carbide
CrN: Chromium Nitride
DLC: Diamond-like Carbon
N: Nitride
N + Ox: Nitride + Oxide*
Ox: Steam Oxide*
TiAIN: Titanium Aluminum Nitride
TiAIN + WC/C: 'Hardlube' - Titanium Aluminum Nitride + Tungsten Carbide/Carbon
TiCN: Titanium Carbonitride
TiN: Titanium Nitride
WC/C: Tungsten Carbide/Carbon
WS2: Tungsten Disulfide
ZrN: Zirconium Nitride

(*Oxide may also be shown as 'O')
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Tap Description - Deciphering the Code

2/15/2017

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​Many people will first be exposed to threading tool features in the form of a quote request, or order, from a customer. Example: Please quote 6 pieces of a 1"-20 NEF HSS 2B LH GH-3 6-FL PL tap.
 
Dissected, the customer has defined this tap as one with a "major" or "outside diameter" measuring 1 inch, with 20 threads per inch.
 
NEF, or National Extra Fine, is a thread-form symbol that refers to a National Standard for this combination of diameter and threads per inch (TPI). Others are UNC (National Coarse), UNF (National Fine), and UNS (National Special). These are Unified 60-degree thread forms. If the description is for another form, like Acme, Trapezoidal, or Buttress, to name a few, it would be shown in place of NEF.
 
HSS refers to the material composition of the tap. (HSS for High-Speed Steel or HSSE for Premium Steel) If the taps are Carbide, they should be marked as such.
 
2B is a reference to Class of Fit. - 2B applies to "internal" thread, like seen in a nut. 2A would refer to the same Class, but "external" thread, as seen on a bolt or screw. Additional classes, and designations, can be found in the Engineering Section of our website. (www.natool.com/engineering-data)

 LH refers to Left-Hand thread. Right-hand thread is most common, and rarely referenced in the description.
 GH3, sometimes shortened to H-3, applies a measurement of "Pitch-diameter". GH is short for "Ground High". "3" is number of 0.0005 increments applied over "basic" tap pitch diameter defined by the Class-of-Fit assigned. Pitch-diameter adjustments fine-tune the fit with the mating part. Occasionally, you may see GL instead of GH. GL means "Ground Low".
6-FL to identify the number of flutes (longitudinal, or spiral channels to form cutting edges, and allow room for evacuation of chips created as the tap cuts). SPFL indicates a spiral-fluted tool. SPPT following the number of flutes would indicate spiral-point.

PL refers to the length of chamfer. In this case, a Plug chamfer of 3-5 threads. Other common markers might include BT (Bottoming chamfer of 1-2 threads), MB (modified-bottoming of 2-2.5 threads, also commonly referred to a semi-bottoming) and TPR (Taper chamfer of 7-10 threads).
North American Tool Tap Guide Links
For a visual on the basics provided above, please refer to the Engineering Section of the North American Tool website (www.natool.com) under Identifying Taps.

Additional information provided in a description may also include the need for a surface treatment, or coating, or a specific geometry for cutting edge or flutes. Extended length to suit the application may also be noted. If additional information provided does not fit the common ones described above, please share it with North American Tool.

The experts here can interpret the information to assign it's importance to the completion of the finished tool as quoted, or ordered. *Be aware that all of the details of the description provided may not be marked on the finished tap, usually because of space constraints on the shank of the tool.

 Important pieces of information including; Material being tapped, depth of thread being produced, and type of hole (through or blind) being tapped, may also be included in the description. If these details are not included, the questions should be asked. This information will go a long way towards providing the customer with a tool applicable to the job at hand.
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North American Tool Releases Thread Tap App Cloud

3/17/2015

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North American Tool is proud to announce the release of Thread Tap App Cloud®, which is available at http://tapapp.natool.com

Thread Tap App Cloud® replaces the Desktop version and offers a completely updated look and feel, powerful new features, and does not require any software installation.

Thread Tap App Cloud® includes new product photos and drawings, enhanced application notes and engineering data, and an improved product finder.

The Cloud Edition also includes a powerful new Tap Hole Size Calculator for determining hole sizes when tapping various materials, and can also achieve torque and horsepower recommendations based on the type and size of tap, material being tapped, spindle RPM and tap style used (hand, spiral point, spiral flute).

Thread Tap App Cloud® is available on any computer with a modern Internet browser, so there’s no software installation.  
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Thread Tap App® is also available for the iPad and Android Tablets.
Thread Tap App® is also available for the iPad and Android Tablets.  The companion standalone Tap Hole Size Calculator App®, which is available for iPhone and Android phones, is a 3-in-one calculator for recommended tap hole size, an easy to use trigonometry calculator, and a standard calculator for quick calculations.

All North American Tool Apps can be downloaded free of charge.

ABOUT NORTH AMERICAN TOOL:
North American Tool is an ISO 9001:2008 registered manufacturer of premium cutting tools – special taps, dies, and gages – for the industrial marketplace—aerospace, medical, automotive, energy, agriculture, general manufacturing, and more. 

For more information about North American Tool Corporation, visit the website at www.natool.com.
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